Predavanje ''Farmakologija in doping v športu''

Not sure if serious. Mcalex aka bojangermic aka public enemy no 1.

Ah.. tnx..

Bojan Germič = Tomaž Majer ?!?!?!?!?!?

Bojan Germič = Tomaž Majer ?!?!?!?!?!?

Takoj obvestit medije!

Da ne bo pomote - teh 22% se ne nanaša samo na dodatke, ki so proizvedene v Avstriji (Evropi) ampak na vse, ki so bili takrat na trgu (če sem si prav razlagal). Velika večina verjetno ameriških, kjer so regulative glede tega PRECEJ bolj ohlapne, zato tudi tak rezultat.

Sem pa ta podatek izpostavil izključno kot zanimivost. Nenazadnje je tudi podatek iz študije iz leta 2004 - 9 let nazaj. Kot sva z Davidom poudarila, kakšnih farmakoloških prednosti od te kontaminacije ne bo, lahko pa, zaradi vse bolj občutljivih metod testiranja, teoretično padeš doping test.

Layne Norton:
Dear world, deer antler spray is garbage. IGF-1 is not bioavailable, like all proteins it is denatured during digestion and hydrolyzed to it's corresponding amino acids. It does NOT enter circulation intact. In short, it's garbage. Please don't be an idiot. You may now return to your regularly scheduled program.

hehe pa ravno o IGF-1 je bilo govora na predavanju..sicer ne v tej obliki, tole je bolj za "ka si folk ne zmisli" kategorijo

drugač pa če koga zanima:

http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1508 ... this-stuff

To je sicer zelo težko komentirati še tistim, ki smo bili tam (ker si nisem zapomnil vira).

Podatki so bili predstavljeni za različne EU države (leto 2006?). Kontaminacija je pomenila prisotnost doping snovi, ki jih zazna oprema. Torej lahko tudi ekstremno malo. Po moje gre v veliko primerih tudi za prisotnost dopingu podobnih snovi (false positive), ampak oprema seveda tega ne loči ter pa jasno za znane stimulanse (DMAA ...).

Sicer me ni bilo na predavanju, ampak po moje je govora o raziskavi iz leta 2002 (Jones et al.). Rezultati so bili takšni:
Država Št. testiranih Št. pozitivnih %pozitivnih
Nizozemska 31 8 25 %
Avstrija 22 5 22 %
UK 37 7 18 %
USA 240 240 4545 1818 %%
Italija 35 5 14 %
Španija 29 4 13 %
Nemčija 129 15 11 %
Belgija 30 2 77 %%
Francija 30 2 7 %
Norveška 30 1 3 %
Švica 13 - -
Švedska 6 - -
Madžarska 2 - -
Skupno 634 94 15 %
Pri pozitivnih vzorcih so našli DHEA, androstendion, androsendiol, efedrin, strihnin pa psevdoefedrin in kofein (kar sicer zdaj ni več prepovedano...).

Vir podatkov, ki si jih naštela je:
Geyer H, Parr MK, Mareck U, Reinhart U, Schrader Y, Schanzer W.
Analysis of non-hormonal nutritional supplements for anabolic-androgenic steroids – results of an international
study. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2004; 25: 124.

Tako je. Od predavatelja, dr. Žiberne sem dobil potrditev.

Gre za tole študijo:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14986195

Several recent studies have shown evidence of some nutritional supplements containing prohibited anabolic androgenic steroids, so-called prohormones, which were not declared on the label. Therefore, a broad-based investigation of the international nutritional supplement market was initiated to clarify the extent of this problem. From October 2000 until November 2001, 634 non-hormonal nutritional supplements were purchased in 13 countries from 215 different suppliers. Most supplements were bought in shops in the respective countries (578 samples = 91.2 %) and on the internet (52 samples = 8.2 %). 289 supplements were from prohormone-selling companies and 345 supplements came from companies which do not offer prohormones. After isolation from the supplement matrix 11 different anabolic androgenic steroids, mainly prohormones of testosterone and nandrolone, were analysed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. Out of the 634 samples analysed 94 (14.8 %) contained anabolic androgenic steroids not declared on the label ("positive supplements"). We could not obtain reliable data for 66 samples (10.4 %) due to matrix effects. In relation to the total number of products purchased per country, most of the positive supplements were bought in the Netherlands (25.8 %), in Austria (22.7 %), in the UK (18.8 %) and the USA (18.8 %). According to the label, all positive supplements were from companies located in only five countries: the USA, the Netherlands, the UK, Italy and Germany. 21.1 % of the nutritional supplements from prohormone-selling companies contained anabolic androgenic steroids, whereas 9.6 % of the supplements from companies not selling prohormones were positive. The positive supplements showed anabolic androgenic steroid concentrations of 0.01 micro g/g up to 190 micro g/g. The administration of supplements containing nandrolone prohormones adding up to a total uptake of more than 1 micro g resulted in positive doping results for norandrosterone for several hours.

hfbfefhe.png

Večina vseh prehranskih dopolnil na trgu ni testirana - v povprečju so 10-20% kontaminirani z steroidi (v nizkih odmerkih - sledovi snovi), možnost pozitivnega urinskega testa je do 24-36h po uživanju kontaminiranega pripavka.

Tiste, ki so testirani lahko preverite tukaj: http://www.koelnerliste.com
"Nevarne" - predvsem USA, lahko preverite tukaj: http://www.usada.org/supplement411/high-risk-list
Še dve strani, ki pa ne ponujata ravno obsežnih baz: http://www.nsfsport.com , http://antidoping.nl/nzvt

2007: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364927

Several studies have highlighted that nutritional supplements may contain undeclared substances that are banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)/World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This paper describes a qualitative liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) method to detect anabolic androgenic steroids (4-androsten-3,17-dion, 4-oestren-3,17-dion, 5alpha-androsten-17beta-ol-3-one, boldenone, nandrolone, nandrolone decanoate, testosterone, and testosterone decanoate) and ephedrine in food supplements. The products are dissolved in methanol and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The methanolic solution was added to testosterone-d(3), evaporated to dryness, mixed with NaOH and extracted with n-pentane:diethylether (9:1). LC-MS/MS analyses were performed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) on an ion-trap equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) probe operating in positive-ion mode. The method was applied to 64 nutritional supplements. A total of 12.5% of the nutritional supplements analysed contained banned substances not declared on the label (anabolic steroids and ephedrine). Detection limits were in the range 1-25 ng g(-1).

2007: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term ... t%20market.

In numerous studies it has been demonstrated that several nutritional supplements contain prohormones not declared on the label. In the current study two products (effervescent tablets) containing high amounts of the 17-methylated anabolic androgenic steroids metandienone (product 1: 16.8 mg/tablet) and stanozolol (product 2: 14.5 mg/tablet) were identified. Additionally in both products norandrostenedione was detected, in product 2 with minor amounts of several other steroids. The substances identified can cause enormous health risks. In addition, the use of the analyzed tablets can lead to positive doping results for metabolites of the respective steroids in sports. This study again shows the insufficient surveillance of the production and trade of dietary supplements. Consumers should be aware of the enormous health and doping risks connected with the use of such products. For GC-MS identification of the analytes the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the steroids and the mixed N-t-butyldimethylsilyl,O-trimethylsilyl derivatives were used. The quantitation of metandienone, norandrostenedione, and stanozolol was performed using HPLC-DAD.

2005: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16195040

The use of dietary supplements is widespread in sport and most athletes competing at the highest level of competition use some form of dietary supplementation. Many of these supplements confer no performance or health benefit, and some may actually be detrimental to both performance and health when taken in high doses for prolonged periods. Some supplements contain excessive doses of potentially toxic ingredients, while others do not contain significant amounts of the ingredients listed on the label. There is also now evidence that some of the apparently legitimate dietary supplements on sale contain ingredients that are not declared on the label but that are prohibited by the doping regulations of the International Olympic Committee and of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Contaminants that have been identified include a variety of anabolic androgenic steroids (including testosterone and nandrolone as well as the pro-hormones of these compounds), ephedrine and caffeine. This contamination may in most cases be the result of poor manufacturing practice, but there is some evidence of deliberate adulteration of products. The principle of strict liability that applies in sport means that innocent ingestion of prohibited substances is not an acceptable excuse, and athletes testing positive are liable to penalties. Although it is undoubtedly the case that some athletes are guilty of deliberate cheating, some positive tests are likely to be the result of inadvertent ingestion of prohibited substances present in otherwise innocuous dietary supplements.

2008: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term ... substances

Since 1999 several groups have analyzed nutritional supplements with mass spectrometric methods (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) for contaminations and adulterations with doping substances. These investigations showed that nutritional supplements contained prohibited stimulants as ephedrines, caffeine, methylenedioxymetamphetamie and sibutramine, which were not declared on the labels. An international study performed in 2001 and 2002 on 634 nutritional supplements that were purchased in 13 different countries showed that about 15% of the nonhormonal nutritional supplements were contaminated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (mainly prohormones). Since 2002, also products intentionally faked with high amounts of 'classic' anabolic steroids such as metandienone, stanozolol, boldenone, dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone, oxandrolone etc. have been detected on the nutritional supplement market. These anabolic steroids were not declared on the labels either. The sources of these anabolic steroids are probably Chinese pharmaceutical companies, which sell bulk material of anabolic steroids. In 2005 vitamin C, multivitamin and magnesium tablets were confiscated, which contained cross-contaminations of stanozolol and metandienone. Since 2002 new 'designer' steroids such as prostanozol, methasterone, androstatrienedione etc. have been offered on the nutritional supplement market. In the near future also cross-contaminations with these steroids are expected. Recently a nutritional supplement for weight loss was found to contain the beta2-agonist clenbuterol. The application of such nutritional supplements is connected with a high risk of inadvertent doping cases and a health risk. For the detection of new 'designer' steroids in nutritional supplements, mass spectrometric strategies (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) are presented.

Glede na napisano mislim, da so trditve o možni kontaminaciji prehranskih dopolnil povsem na mestu in da morajo biti športniki v resnici pazljivi kaj jemljejo, da ne padejo na kontroli. Ne gre za to, da bi jim te snovi dejansko kaj pomagale pri napredku (mikro-kontaminacija!), ampak da ne glede na količino padejo na doping testu. Torej daleč od tega, da gre za redke in zastarele primere v industriji prehranskih dopolnil.

Še nekaj zanimivih slajdov s predavanja, ki mi jih je posredoval dr. Lovro Žiberna.

Graf povpr. hitrost.png

učink. dop..png

Ferrari je bil Conconijev učenec. Njegove ''uspehe'' je še presegel.

zaslužek.png

Pri zadnjem postu manjka še Fuentes, ki je imel čez 50+ kolesarjev (in tudi ogromno drugih španskih športnikov), Geert Leinders in ostali.
Ta graf hitrosti je treba jemat bolj z rezervo, saj te dirke niso vsako leto enako hribovite. Vseeno se je hitrost v zadnjih letih močno zmanjšala. In ko se govori da je bil Armstrong superman na šusu:
Rekordni vzponi na Alpe d' Huez:

01) Pantani in 1995......: 36.40
02) Pantani in 1997......: 36.45
03) Pantani in 1994......: 37.15
04) Ullrich in 1997........: 37.30
05) Armstrong in 2004..: 37.36 (after withdrawing 2:05 for the first 1.5km of the ITT)
06) Armstrong in 2001..: 38.01
07) Indurain in 1995.....: 38.04
08) Zülle in 1995..........: 38.04
09) Riis in 1995............: 38.06
10) Virenque in 1997.....: 38.11

S tem da je Armstrong svoj čas leta 2004 postavil v 15km kronometru, kjer je šlo samo za vzpon.
Pri ostalih je bil čas postavljen na koncu etape, v primeru rekorda pa je šlo za takle profil:


Glede na to da se je šele leta 1996 začel konkretno uvajat karbon v tekmovalne okvirje, to pove veliko.
Tole je npr. čas Sastreja, iz obdobja biološkega potnega lista:

39′ 31″ Carlos Sastre 2008

Najbolj žalostno v Armstrongovi zgodbi je v tem trenutku to, da še vedno skriva 90% informacij, ki jih pozna. Že v času kariere je vedel vse kar počnejo njegovi konkurentje in predvsem zaradi njegove "control freak" osebnosti je definitivno tisti ki je imel največji vpogled v dopinško kulturo.
S popolno izpovedjo bi LA lahko naredil ogromno za kolesarstvo in nasplošno za čistejši šport.